Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles, characterization, and biosensing applications

This comprehensive review provides an in-depth overview of the green (biological) synthesis, characterization, and biosensor applications of metal nanoparticles (NPs). Because of their unique physical and chemical properties, high surface area, and nanoscale size, NPs have become crucial in various fields. The review emphasizes the synthesis, properties, and applications of several metal NPs, particularly silver (AgNPs), gold (AuNPs), platinum (PtNPs), copper (CuNPs), zinc oxide (ZnONPs), iron oxide (FeONPs), and palladium (PdNPs). Green synthesis methods, a truly innovative approach, utilize biological substances such as plant extracts, bacteria, fungi, and yeast. These methods offer environmentally friendly…