Flavonoids in plant-environment interactions and stress responses

This review explores the multifaceted roles of low-molecular-weight secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids, which are ubiquitous in plants. Flavonoids perform diverse functions, particularly in various physiological processes crucial for plant health. In the context of plant-environment interactions, flavonoid-based allelochemicals exhibit a dual nature, demonstrating stimulatory activity at low concentrations and inhibitory effects at higher concentrations. The involvement of flavonoids in defense mechanisms against bacterial and fungal pathogens underscores their vital role in enhancing plant resilience. Additionally, flavonoids serve as efficient signaling compounds in establishing symbiotic…