Electrochemical sensors: Types, applications, and the novel impacts of vibration and fluid flow for microfluidic integration

Electrochemical sensors are part of a diverse and evolving world of chemical sensors that are impacted by high demand and ongoing technological advancements. Electrochemical sensors offer benefits like cost-efficiency, short response time, ease of use, good limit of detection (LOD) and sensitivity, and ease of miniaturization while providing consistent analytical results. These sensors are employed in various fields, such as healthcare and diagnostics, the environment, and the food industry, to detect bacteria, viruses, heavy metals, pesticides, etc. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of electrochemical sensing techniques, with a focus on enhancing sensor performance through the integration of…