Stabilizing Lattice Oxygen of Bi 2 O 3 by Interstitial Insertion of Indium for Efficient Formic Acid Electrosynthesis

Abstract Bismuth oxide (Bi 2 O 3 ) emerges as a potent catalyst for converting CO 2 to formic acid (HCOOH), leveraging its abundant lattice oxygen and the high activity of its Bi−O bonds. Yet, its durability is usually impeded by the loss of lattice oxygen causing structure alteration and destabilized active bonds. Herein, we report an innovative approach via the interstitial incorporation of indium (In) into the Bi 2 O 3 , significantly enhancing bond stability and preserving lattice oxygen. The optimized In‐Bi 2 O 3 ‐100 catalyst achieves over 90 % Faradaic efficiency for HCOOH production across a wide potential range, in both H‐cells and flow cells, maintaining robust stability after 100 hours of continuous…