articleNature Reviews Clean TechnologyJan 15, 2025HYBRID OA

The evolution of lithium-ion battery recycling

XMXiaotu MaZMZifei MengMVMarilena Velonia BelloniaJSJeffrey S. SpangenbergerGHGavin Harper

Worcester Polytechnic Institute · Massachusetts Institute of Technology · +5 more institutions

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Abstract

Demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is increasing owing to the expanding use of electrical vehicles and stationary energy storage. Efficient and closed-loop battery recycling strategies are therefore needed, which will require recovering materials from spent LIBs and reintegrating them into new batteries. In this Review, we outline the current state of LIB recycling, evaluating industrial and developing technologies. Among industrial technologies, pyrometallurgy can be broadly applied to diverse electrode materials but requires operating temperatures of over 1,000 °C and therefore has high energy consumption. Hydrometallurgy can be performed at temperatures below 200 °C and has material recovery rates of…

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145
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Authors

9

Topics & keywords

Topics
Keywords
  • Lithium (medication)
  • Battery (electricity)
  • Ion
  • Lithium-ion battery
  • Materials science
  • Chemistry
  • Psychology
  • Physics
UN Sustainable Development Goals
  • Affordable and clean energy
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