TPACK in context: An updated model

The Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework has evolved significantly since its introduction, particularly in its treatment of context. The original model acknowledged contexts through a dotted circle surrounding the framework's core components; however, understanding and operationalizing these contexts has remained challenging for researchers and practitioners. We address this challenge by proposing a new conceptual synthesis that bridges two prominent approaches to context in TPACK: contexts as external influences and Contextual Knowledge (XK) as a distinct knowledge domain. We argue that both perspectives are essential and complementary. Drawing on research from cognitive…