Ionic Doping of Hydroxyapatite for Bone Regeneration: Advances in Structure and Properties over Two Decades—A Narrative Review

Autogenous grafts remain the “gold standard” in bone tissue grafting procedures; however, limitations such as donor site morbidity, invasiveness, and limited availability have spurred research into alternative materials. Hydroxyapatite (HA), a widely used bioceramic, is known for its bioactivity and biocompatibility. Nonetheless, its inherent brittleness and porosity necessitate modifications to enhance its mechanical and functional properties. Ionic doping has emerged as a transformative strategy to improve the properties of HA by integrating ions such as strontium (Sr2+), magnesium (Mg2+), and zinc (Zn2+). These dopants influence HA’s crystal structure, morphology, and solubility, resulting in enhanced…

• UM
  Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Piastów Slaskich we Wroclawiu

  Award: SUBZ.B040.24.008