articleNature CommunicationsJan 24, 2025GOLD OA

Life cycle comparison of industrial-scale lithium-ion battery recycling and mining supply chains

Stanford University · City University of Hong Kong · +2 more institutions

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Abstract

Recycling lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) can supplement critical materials and improve the environmental sustainability of LIB supply chains. In this work, environmental impacts (greenhouse gas emissions, water consumption, energy consumption) of industrial-scale production of battery-grade cathode materials from end-of-life LIBs are compared to those of conventional mining supply chains. Converting mixed-stream LIBs into battery-grade materials reduces environmental impacts by at least 58%. Recycling batteries to mixed metal products instead of discrete salts further reduces environmental impacts. Electricity consumption is identified as the principal contributor to all LIB recycling environmental impacts, and…

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Authors

9

Topics & keywords

Keywords
  • Life-cycle assessment
  • Greenhouse gas
  • Battery (electricity)
  • Supply chain
  • Electricity
  • Sustainability
  • Environmental science
  • Environmental impact assessment
UN Sustainable Development Goals
  • Responsible consumption and production
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