Direct Ink Writing of Conductive Hydrogels

Abstract Direct ink writing (DIW) is an additive manufacturing technique that has garnered notable interest due to its precise and consistent printing of a wide range of materials, such as viscoelastic hydrogels, pastes, and complex composites, by adjusting the ink's rheology. This material flexibility combined with the ability to print at room temperature makes DIW ideal for diverse applications and is scalable from small to industrial levels. In recent years, DIW of conductive hydrogels has gained significant attention across various fields, ranging from biomedical scaffolds to flexible electronics. Conductive hydrogels are a category of hydrogels which exhibit conductivity in their wet and/or dry state.…