Understanding the mechanism underlying the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant extract(s) with special reference to Silver, Gold, Copper and Zinc oxide nanoparticles

Green synthesis techniques provide a sustainable and environmentally responsible approach to creating nanoparticles. These methods utilize natural and renewable resources as catalysts while minimizing the use of harmful chemicals. Nanoparticles, characterized by their dimensions of 1–100 nm, possess unique properties, making them highly sought after in fields like medicine, electronics, and environmental remediation. This review examines the process of creating and utilizing metal nanoparticles, namely copper, zinc oxide, gold, and silver. It explores a range of methods for nanoparticle synthesis, including physical, chemical, and biological approaches, with particular attention to green synthesis methods that…