Interlaminar bonding assessment in vertical-oriented filament material extrusion bending specimens

Abstract Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is the leading 3D printing material extrusion process renowned for its versatility, affordability and easy production of complex components. Despite its advantages, the bonding quality between layers depends heavily on processing parameters and filament material properties. Using an orthogonal experimental design, this study investigates the effects of three nozzle-dependent variables—flow rate, temperature and speed. Poly(lactic) acid (PLA) specimens, built vertically, were evaluated via 3-point bending tests to assess flexural strength and surface roughness. The results showed that speed had an insignificant effect, while optimal performance was achieved at a 100%…