Storage solutions for renewable energy: A review

This review investigates the integration of renewable energy systems with diverse energy storage technologies to enhance reliability and sustainability. Key findings include the high energy density and scalability of lithium-ion and flow batteries, which are crucial for grid-scale applications, despite challenges in cost and raw material availability. Electrical storage methods, such as supercapacitors, provide rapid response capabilities but are limited by low energy density. Mechanical systems, including pumped hydro and compressed air storage, excel in large-scale scenarios but face geographical constraints. Emerging chemical storage technologies, including hydrogen and synthetic natural gas, offer…