Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for the Detection of Pharmaceutical Contaminants in Natural Waters—A Comprehensive Review

This review highlights recent advances in the development of electrochemical sensors and biosensors for detecting pharmaceutical contaminants in water samples, including surface water, wastewater, and bottled water. The electrode modification materials—such as nanomaterials, conductive polymers, and eco-friendly nanocomposites—have shown notable improvements in sensor sensitivity and selectivity, enabling the detection of various pharmaceutical compounds, including diclofenac, ibuprofen, antibiotics, and hormones. Future research directions suggest the use of eco-friendly nanocomposites, the development of multiplexed platforms for simultaneous contaminant detection, and the integration of sensors into…