Granular mapping of UHI and heatwave effects: Implications for building performance and urban resilience

• Comprehensive analysis of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect during heatwave phases in Madrid. • Projections reveal up to 30 prolonged heatwaves lasting 102 days in future climate scenarios. • Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) identifies urban density and infrastructure as key amplifiers of UHI effects. • Green infrastructure and NDVI demonstrate cooling effects but have limited efficacy during extreme heatwaves. • Findings emphasize the need for integrated resilience strategies combining green and innovative cooling solutions. This study presents a comprehensive framework for addressing the growing challenges posed by the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect on heatwave (HW) phases in urban environments. By…