Sustainable nanotechnology for food preservation: Synthesis, mechanisms, and applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, with their unique physicochemical properties and potent antimicrobial activity, have emerged as promising materials in diverse applications, particularly in food preservation and packaging. This review summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and applications of ZnO nanoparticles, highlighting their critical role in enhancing food safety and shelf life. Traditional methods like solvothermal and hydrothermal synthesis provide control over nanoparticle properties but pose challenges in environmental impact and sustainable processing. Green synthesis methods, using plant extracts and microbes, offer eco-friendly alternatives that enhance both biocompatibility and antimicrobial…