Efficient fluoride removal from water and industrial wastewater using magnetic chitosan/β-cyclodextrin aerogel enhanced with biochar and MOF composites

Mechanism for Fluoride removal using CS/β-CD aerogel/CSBC/MnFe 2 O 4 /Al-La MOF . • Chitosan/β-CD aerogel composites were developed for fluoride removal in water. • CS/β-CD/CSBC/MnFe 2 O 4 /Al-La MOF had a high surface area (9 m 2 /g) and magnetism. • Achieved 99.41 % fluoride removal at pH 6, 50 °C, and 0.9 g/L in 70 min. • Adsorption followed Freundlich isotherm, indicating multilayer adsorption and bonding. • Real wastewater tests show 72–83 % fluoride removal by the developed adsorbents. Fluoride ion (Fl) is essential for human and environmental health but can cause serious health issues at high levels. This study developed chitosan/β-cyclodextrin (CS/β-CD) aerogels, enhanced with coconut shell biochar…