Global, regional, and national burden of breast, cervical, uterine, and ovarian cancer and their risk factors among women from 1990 to 2021, and projections to 2050: findings from the global burden of disease study 2021

Female breast cancer, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, and ovarian cancer (FBCUO) pose a significant threat to global public health. Data from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provide critical insights that can guide the understanding and management of these cancers. Our study aims to offer comprehensive global, regional, and national estimates of the FBCUO cancer burden and its attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2021, as well as project future incidence trends up to 2050. These projections are essential for developing targeted prevention and control strategies, thereby informing more effective public health interventions.

Incidence, age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR), deaths, age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), age-standardised rate of DALYs (ASDR), and the burden due to risk factors associated with FBCUO cancer were analysed from 1990 to 2021, and the Bayesian APC model was utilized for forecasting future epidemiological trajectories. All statistical analyses were performed using Join-point software (version 4.9.1.0).