reviewMolecular CancerFeb 25, 2025GOLD OA

Cancer stem cells and niches: challenges in immunotherapy resistance

Tongji Hospital · Huazhong University of Science and Technology

PubMed
Indexed incrossrefdoajpubmed

Abstract

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are central to tumor progression, metastasis, immune evasion, and therapeutic resistance. Characterized by remarkable self-renewal and adaptability, CSCs can transition dynamically between stem-like and differentiated states in response to external stimuli, a process termed "CSC plasticity." This adaptability underpins their resilience to therapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapies (ACT). Beyond intrinsic properties, CSCs reside in a specialized microenvironment-the CSC niche-which provides immune-privileged protection, sustains their stemness, and fosters immune suppression. This review highlights the critical role of CSCs and their niche in driving…

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