A Comprehensive Review on Cellulose Nanofibers, Nanomaterials, and Composites: Manufacturing, Properties, and Applications

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs), and cellulose-based composites represent a convergence of material science, sustainability, and advanced engineering, paving the way for innovative and eco-friendly materials. This paper presents a comprehensive review of these materials, encompassing their extraction, preparation methods, properties, applications, and future directions. The manufacturing of CNFs and CNMs leverages diverse techniques-chemical, mechanical, and enzymatic-with each offering distinct advantages in tailoring material characteristics to meet specific needs. Strategies for functionalization and surface modification are detailed, highlighting their role in enhancing the…