Operando impedance spectroscopy with combined dynamic measurements and overvoltage analysis in lithium metal batteries

State-of-the-art battery cells are composed of complex heterogeneous electrode structures that pose significant challenges for analyzing electrochemical processes. Traditional electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques require system simplification and equilibrium conditions, which limit their ability to capture dynamic processes during battery operation. This paper introduces an advanced method, which combines operando impedance measurements with real-time monitoring of overvoltage in a three-electrode cell setup. This approach enables detailed analysis of processes occurring under actual operating conditions, overcoming limitations of conventional EIS. The benefits of operando EIS are…