Comprehensive assessment of heavy metal (HMs) contamination and associated health risks in agricultural soils and groundwater proximal to industrial sites

Industrial waste significantly impacts water and soil quality, restricting their suitability for agricultural and domestic use. This study investigates the distribution of heavy metals (HMs) in groundwater and soils across the Shazand plain under different irrigation methods and rainfed farming systems. It evaluates the Total Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Carcinogenic Risk (TCR) associated with HMs for both children and adults, considering exposure through ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation. A total of 104 samples were collected, comprising water samples from wells and boreholes, and soil samples. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Hg, Zn, and Cu were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry, and the…