Enhancement of EPR Effect for Passive Tumor Targeting: Current Status and Future Perspectives

The Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) effect is a key mechanism for passive tumor targeting, which involves the selective accumulation of therapeutic nanoparticles in tumors due to their unique vascular characteristics. While previous reviews have explored this phenomenon, the present review offers a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach, highlighting recent advancements in strategies to enhance the EPR effect, as well as novel insights into the role of tumor microenvironment heterogeneity and the multifaceted approaches to overcome EPR-related challenges. This review provides a detailed analysis of the latest developments in nanocarriers’ design, including size, shape, and surface modifications,…