4D Printing: A Comprehensive Review of Technologies, Materials, Stimuli, Design, and Emerging Applications
University of Illinois Chicago · Northwestern University · +3 more institutions
Abstract
4D printing is a groundbreaking technology that seamlessly integrates additive manufacturing with smart materials, enabling the creation of multiscale objects capable of changing shapes and/or functions in a controlled and programmed manner in response to applied energy inputs. Printing technologies, mathematical modeling, responsive materials, stimuli, and structural design constitute the blueprint of 4D printing, all of which have seen rapid advancement in the past decade. These advancements have opened up numerous possibilities for dynamic and adaptive structures, finding potential use in healthcare, textiles, construction, aerospace, robotics, photonics, and electronics. However, current 4D printing…
Citation impact
- FWCI
- 62.16
- Percentile
- 100%
- References
- 785
Authors
3Topics & keywords
- Blueprint
- 3D printing
- Computer science
- Aerospace
- Morphing
- Nanotechnology
- Emerging technologies
- Systems engineering