Eco-friendly nanoparticle phytosynthesis via plant extracts: Mechanistic insights, recent advances, and multifaceted uses

This review explores the phytosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using plant extracts, emphasizing mechanistic insights, recent advancements, and their diverse applications. The green and cost-effective nature of phytosynthesis makes it an attractive alternative to conventional nanoparticle synthesis, with phytochemicals such as flavonoids, phenolics, and alkaloids facilitating metal ion reduction and stabilization. The review highlights key medical applications, including the anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles, which have demonstrated apoptosis induction in cancer cells, and their use in theranostic structures for simultaneous diagnosis and treatment. In environmental science, phytosynthesized iron and…