Study of ionic water/graphene nanofluids in solar panels under the effects of thermal radiation and slip conditions using experimental data

The combination of the extensive surface area and thermal conductivity of graphene oxide (GO) with the thermal stability and low volatility of ionic liquid (IL) enhances thermal energy efficiency in solar collectors. This study theoretically examined the flow characteristics of various nanofluids in a solar collector, specifically ionic liquid/GO, a mixture of 75% ionic liquid and 25% water (H 2 O)/GO, a 50% ionic liquid and 50% water/GO blend, and water/GO. To accurately assess the effects of buoyancy, solar radiation, nanoparticle absorption, and the overall thermal energy transfer from the boundary to the collector, this study incorporates nonlinear free convection, nonlinear thermal radiation, heat…