Hydrogel-Based Biointerfaces: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions in Human–Machine Integration

Human-machine interfacing (HMI) has emerged as a critical technology in healthcare, robotics, and wearable electronics, with hydrogels offering unique advantages as multifunctional materials that seamlessly connect biological systems with electronic devices. This review provides a detailed examination of recent advancements in hydrogel design, focusing on their properties and potential applications in HMI. We explore the key characteristics such as biocompatibility, mechanical flexibility, and responsiveness, which are essential for effective and long-term integration with biological tissues. Additionally, we highlight innovations in conductive hydrogels, hybrid and composite materials, and fabrication…

• NN
  National NanoFab Center

  Award: RS-2024-00440903