A comprehensive review on rice responses and tolerance to salt stress

The challenge of salinity stress significantly impacts global rice production, especially in coastal and arid regions where the salinization of agricultural soils is on the rise. This review explores the complex physiological, biochemical, and genetic mechanisms contributing to salinity tolerance in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) while examining agronomic and multidisciplinary strategies to bolster resilience. Essential adaptations encompass the regulation of ionic balance, the management of antioxidants, and the adjustments to osmotic pressure, all driven by genes such as OsHKT1;5 and transcription factors like OsbZIP73. The evolution of breeding strategies, encompassing traditional methods and cutting-edge…