Thermal performance of MgO-SWCNT/water hybrid nanofluids in a zigzag walled cavity with differently shaped obstacles

This study examined the influence of geometric parameters on free convective heat transfer in a zigzag-walled cavity filled with a hybrid nano-fluid composed of magnesium oxide (MgO) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) suspended in water. Utilizing validated multi-physics software grounded in the Galerkin finite element method (GFEM), we systematically analyzed how variations in Rayleigh number (Ra) from 10 4 to 10 6 , nanofluid volume fraction ([Formula: see text]) ranging from 0.01 to 0.04, and the number of wall undulations (from 1 to 8) affect thermal performance. The findings revealed that both the Rayleigh number and the number of wall undulations had a significant positive impact on the average…