Exploring the Dynamics of Artificial Intelligence Literacy on English as a Foreign Language Learners’ Willingness to Communicate: The Critical Mediating Roles of Artificial Intelligence Learning Self-Efficacy and Classroom Anxiety

The increasing incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) in English as a foreign language (EFL) instruction has garnered much attention on the importance of technological elements in language instruction. However, while AI in education (AIED) is still in its early development, research on how learners' AI literacy affects their language learning outcomes is insufficient. Furthermore, studies examining the impact of learners' emotional states within the context of AIED are remarkably few. This study examines the interplay between AI literacy and EFL learners' willingness to communicate (WTC), emphasizing the mediating roles of learners' AI learning self-efficacy and foreign language classroom anxiety. This…