A Systematic Review of Toxicity, Biodistribution, and Biosafety in Upconversion Nanomaterials: Critical Insights into Toxicity Mitigation Strategies and Future Directions for Safe Applications
Shanghai University · Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital
Abstract
Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are emerging as highly promising nanomaterials due to their exceptional optical properties, enabling diverse applications in biosensing, bioimaging, photodynamic therapy, and drug delivery. However, their potential toxicity should be comprehensively investigated for the safe utilization of UCNPs in several biomedical and environmental applications. This review systematically evaluates the current knowledge on UCNP toxicity from 2008 to 2024, focusing on key toxicological pathways, such as oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, inflammatory responses, and apoptosis/necrosis, alongside their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion processes and…
Citation impact
- FWCI
- 26.55
- Percentile
- 100%
- References
- 205
Authors
5Topics & keywords
- Biosafety
- Biodistribution
- Nanomaterials
- Toxicity
- Nanotechnology
- Chemistry
- Materials science
- Medicine