A wireless, self-powered smart insole for gait monitoring and recognition via nonlinear synergistic pressure sensing

Wearable insole-based pressure sensor systems have gained attention for continuous gait monitoring, showing potential for preventing, diagnosing, and treating conditions such as lumbar degenerative disease and diabetic foot ulcers. However, challenges such as nonlinear response, low stability, and energy limitations have hindered widespread adoption. Here, we report a fully integrated, self-powered, wireless smart insole designed for plantar pressure monitoring and real-time visualization and analysis of gait. The pressure sensor uses a nonlinear synergistic strategy, achieving remarkable linearity ( R 2 > 0.999 over 0 to 225 kilopascals) and high durability (>180,000 compression cycles). Powered by…