C 60 -based ionic salt electron shuttle for high-performance inverted perovskite solar modules

Although buckminsterfullerene (C 60 ) is usually the electron transport layer (ETL) in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs), its molecular nature leads to weak interfaces that result in nonideal interfacial electronic and mechanical degradation. In this study, we synthesized an ionic salt from C 60 , 4-(1′,5′-dihydro-1′-methyl-2′ H -[5,6] fullereno-C 60 - I h -[1,9-c]pyrrol-2′-yl) phenylmethanaminium chloride (CPMAC), and used it as the electron shuttle in inverted PSCs. The CH 2 -NH 3 + head group in the CPMA cation improved the ETL interface, and the ionic nature enhanced the packing, leading to a ~threefold increase in the interfacial toughness compared with that of C 60 . Using CPMAC, we obtained ~26%…