Substitution Index‐Prediction Rules for Low‐Potential Plateau of Hard Carbon Anodes in Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Establishing prediction rules for the low-potential plateau (LPP) of hard carbon (HC) anodes is crucial for constructing high-energy-density sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). While current studies suggest that the closed pores of HC can enhance the LPP performance, the rules for directly predicting the LPP from precursors have yet to be established. Here, prediction rules for the LPP of HC anodes in SIBs-the substitution index (Δ) of precursor are introduced. Three carbon models (disordered carbon, closed-pore-dominated carbon, and turbostratic carbon) are constructed to verify the accuracy of Δ and to explore the closed-pore formation and LPP mechanism. In detail, as the Δ increases from 0.06 to 0.22, the LPP…

• NN
  National Natural Science Foundation of China

  Awards: 22279162, U21A2077, 21975283, U2030206, ts20190908, 52402069
• GO
  Government of Jiangsu Province
• NS
  Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province

  Awards: BK20221138, BK20240333
• CU
  China University of Mining and Technology
• NS
  Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province

  Awards: ZR2024MB003, ZR2022JQ08