A Comprehensive Review of Solar PV Integration with Smart-Grids: Challenges, Standards, and Grid Codes

Promoting a sustainable and low-carbon energy future through the integration of renewable energy is essential, yet it presents significant challenges due to the intermittent nature of resources such as solar and wind. This paper examines the technological and economic dimensions of AC, DC, and smart grids, concentrating on the optimization of costs, efficiency, stability, and scalability. Smart grids, enhanced by AI, IoT, and blockchain technologies, play a vital role in energy management optimization, predictive maintenance, and secure energy transactions. Furthermore, the incorporation of renewable energy sources, especially photovoltaics, presents challenges including intermittency, voltage fluctuations,…