Nanotechnology in cancer treatment: revolutionizing strategies against drug resistance

A notable increase in cancer-related fatalities and morbidity worldwide is attributed to drug resistance. The factors contributing to drug resistance include drug efflux via ABC transporters, apoptosis evasion, epigenetic alterations, DNA repair mechanisms, and the tumor microenvironment, among others. Systemic toxicities and resistance associated with conventional cancer diagnostics and therapies have led to the development of alternative approaches, such as nanotechnology, to enhance diagnostic precision and improve therapeutic outcomes. Nanomaterial, including carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, polymeric micelles, and liposomes, have shown significant benefits in cancer diagnosis and treatment due to their…