Critical review on the stability and thermal conductivity of water-based hybrid nanofluids for heat transfer applications

Thermal conductivity is undoubtedly the most significant physicochemical property for evaluating the thermal efficiency of nanofluids. In addition to thermal conductivity, stability is another crucial factor that must be assessed, as maintaining long-term stability in closed-circuit and continuous-cycle applications remains a major challenge. Notably, stability is closely linked to thermal conductivity in nanofluid applications. Recent studies on nanofluids have explored the incorporation of multiple types of nanoparticles known as hybrid nanofluids into heat transfer fluids such as water, ethylene glycol (EG), oil, and refrigerants. These hybrid nanofluids aim to enhance the thermal properties of conventional…

• MO
  Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia

  Award: FRGS/1/2023/STG05/USM/02/3
• ND
  National Defence University of Malaysia