Sustainable green synthesis of metallic nanoparticle using plants and microorganisms: A review of biosynthesis methods, mechanisms, toxicity, and applications

Green synthesis provides a sustainable approach to producing metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) using biological entities such as plants, algae, bacteria, yeast, and fungi. While extensive research has explored these biosynthetic processes, an integrated review is needed to systematically consolidate knowledge on biosynthesis mechanisms, key synthesis parameters, and the comparative advantages and limitations of green versus chemical synthesis methods. This review addresses these gaps by examining the roles of biological entities and their metabolites in reducing and stabilizing MNPs. Plants use polyphenols and sugars to reduce metal ions, while algae utilize compounds such as chlorophylls and carotenoids. Bacteria…

• FP
  Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia

  Award: PTDC/EEI-EEE/2846/2021