Biological control agents: mechanisms of action, selection, formulation and challenges in agriculture

The increasing global population has intensified the demand for food production, both in quantity and quality. To meet this challenge and prevent crop diseases, chemical pesticides have been widely used. However, their negative effects on human health and the environment have driven the search for sustainable alternatives. In this context, microbial-based biopesticides, particularly Trichoderma and Bacillus , have emerged as key biocontrol agents in agroecosystems. This review provides a comprehensive overview of their agricultural significance, focusing on their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and biotechnological advancements aimed at optimizing their performance. Trichoderma spp. act primarily through…