articleNucleic Acids ResearchMay 8, 2025GOLD OA

TIMER3: an enhanced resource for tumor immune analysis

Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College · Sichuan University · +2 more institutions

PubMed
Indexed incrossrefdoajpubmed

Abstract

The tumor immune microenvironment plays a critical role in tumor progression and immunotherapy response, with the abundance and composition of infiltrating immune cells serving as key determinants of therapeutic outcomes. Given the limitations of direct experimental methods, computational deconvolution algorithms are widely applied to infer immune cell infiltration from bulk RNA-seq data. While such estimates have proven valuable for studying tumor-immune interactions, large-scale, systematic analyses across multiple cancer types and treatment contexts remain limited. To address this need, we developed TIMER3 (https://compbio.cn/timer3/), an upgraded web server that substantially extends the functionality and…

Citation impact

50
total citations
FWCI
36.59
Percentile
100%
References
36
Citations per year

Authors

11

Topics & keywords

Keywords
  • Biology
  • Immune system
  • Immunotherapy
  • Computational biology
  • Interpretability
  • Tumor microenvironment
  • Robustness (evolution)
  • Cancer immunotherapy
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