Advances in various pretreatment strategies of lignocellulosic substrates for the production of bioethanol: a comprehensive review

Lignocellulose biomass (LCB) is abundantly available in the world. Effective utilization of LCB requires an efficient pretreatment process that maximizes percentage-reducing sugar recovery. However, developing advanced pretreatment techniques that will help in full-scale biomass valorization is the bottleneck of the biofuel industry. This review paper covers the recent achievements of research in the various pretreatment technologies employed in lignocellulosic substrates conversion into bioethanol. The LCB primarily constitutes cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The lignin is recalcitrant to enzymatic and microbial action. A huge amount of energy and resources is spent on reducing and removing the lignin…