Emerging Biomarkers and Advanced Diagnostics in Chronic Kidney Disease: Early Detection Through Multi-Omics and AI

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a significant global health burden, often diagnosed at advanced stages due to the limitations of traditional biomarkers such as serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). This review aims to critically evaluate recent advancements in novel biomarkers, multi-omics technologies, and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven diagnostic strategies, specifically addressing existing gaps in early CKD detection and personalized patient management. We specifically explore key advancements in CKD diagnostics, focusing on emerging biomarkers-including neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), soluble urokinase plasminogen…