Progress and obstacles in electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries: a journey towards enhanced energy storage efficiency

, intercalation-deintercalation, alloying, and conversion-type anode materials. The strengths, limitations, and synthesis techniques associated with each material are discussed. This review also delves into cathode materials, such as soft and hard carbon and high-nickel systems, assessing their influence on storage performance. Additionally, the article addresses safety concerns, recycling strategies, environmental impact evaluations, and disposal practices. It highlights emerging trends in the development of electrode materials, focusing on potential solutions and innovations. This comprehensive review provides an overview of current lithium-ion battery technology, identifying technical challenges and…