Wireless Sensor Networks: From Fundamentals and Applications to Innovations and Future Trends

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have transformed data acquisition and processing across diverse domains such as environmental monitoring, healthcare, and industrial automation. Recent advancements in areas such as federated intelligence, blockchain-based trust mechanisms, and quantum sensing are reshaping the landscape of WSNs, yet their full implications for next-generation applications demand deeper exploration. This survey is driven by the need to synthesize these emerging directions through a forward-looking and interdisciplinary lens, highlighting their transformative potential in evolving WSNs into intelligent, autonomous systems. It examines key solutions in energy harvesting, adaptive communication,…