Sustainable Hard Carbon for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Precursor Design and Scalable Production Roadmaps

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) emerge as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to the abundant and widely distributed nature of sodium resources. Hard carbon anodes, characterized by their pseudo-graphitic layered structures and nanoporosity, are key to achieving high-performance SIBs. However, the commercialization of hard carbon is hindered by significant challenges in precursor design, carbonization optimization, and sustainability. This review focuses on the critical role of precursor selection and introduces a classification system based on volatile content. High-volatility biomass precursors, such as bamboo, require pretreatments like acid/alkali leaching or hydrothermal…

• NN
  National Natural Science Foundation of China

  Awards: 52402302, 52101265, 52250710680
• HF
  High-end Foreign Experts Recruitment Plan of China

  Awards: S20240005, G2023016009L
• BR
  Basic Research Project of Wenzhou City

  Award: G2023016
• KR
  Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province

  Awards: 2023C01232, 2024C01057