Critical review of energy storage systems: A comparative assessment of mechanisms, advantages, challenges, and integration with renewable energy

• Explores the necessity of robust energy storage systems (ESS) for mitigating intermittency issues in renewable energy sources. • Discusses the working principles, fundamental mechanisms, advantages, and limitations of different ESS types. • Identifies major barriers like high costs, efficiency constraints, and infrastructure requirements while proposing potential solutions. • Assesses energy density, scalability, efficiency, longevity, and compatibility with renewable energy integration. • Provides a quantitative evaluation of major ESS technologies, including mechanical, electrical, electrochemical, thermal, and chemical storage. The worldwide energy transition driven by fossil fuel resource depletion and…