Indicators of Global Climate Change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence

Forster, Piers; Smith, Chris; Walsh, Tristram; Lamb, William F.; Lamboll, Robin; Cassou, Christophe; Hauser, Mathias; Hausfather, Zeke; Lee, June‐Yi; Palmer, Matthew D.; Schuckmann, Karina von; Slangen, Aimée B. A.; Szopa, Sophie; Trewin, Blair; Yun, Jeongeun; Gillett, Nathan P.; Jenkins, Stuart; Matthews, H. Damon; Raghavan, Krishnan; Ribes, Aurélien; Rogelj, Joeri; Rosen, Debbie; Zhang, Xuebin; Allen, Myles; Reis, Lara Aleluia; Andrew, Robbie M.; Betts, Richard; Borger, Alex; Broersma, Jiddu A.; Burgess, Samantha; Cheng, Lijing; Friedlingstein, Pierre; Domingues, Catia M.; Gambarini, Marco; Gasser, Thomas; Gütschow, Johannes; Ishii, Masayoshi; Kadow, Christopher; Kennedy, John; Killick, Rachel; Krummel, Paul B.; Liné, Aurélien; Monselesan, Didier P.; Morice, Colin; Mühle, Jens; Naïk, Vaishali; Peters, Glen P.; Pirani, Anna; Pongratz, Julia; Minx, Jan C.; Rigby, Matthew; Rohde, Robert; Savita, Abhishek; Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Thorne, Peter; Wells, Christopher; Western, Luke M.; Werf, Guido R. van der; Wijffels, Susan; Masson‐Delmotte, Valérie; Zhai, Panmao

doi:10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025

articleEarth system science dataJun 17, 2025GOLD OA

Indicators of Global Climate Change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence

PFPiers Forster CSChris Smith TWTristram Walsh WFWilliam F. Lamb RLRobin Lamboll

University of Leeds · International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis · +57 more institutions

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Abstract

Abstract. In a rapidly changing climate, evidence-based decision-making benefits from up-to-date and timely information. Here we compile monitoring datasets (published at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15639576; Smith et al., 2025a) to produce updated estimates for key indicators of the state of the climate system: net emissions of greenhouse gases and short-lived climate forcers, greenhouse gas concentrations, radiative forcing, the Earth's energy imbalance, surface temperature changes, warming attributed to human activities, the remaining carbon budget, and estimates of global temperature extremes. This year, we additionally include indicators for sea-level rise and land precipitation change. We follow…

Citation impact

122

total citations

FWCI: 105.79
Percentile: 100%
References: 149

Citations per year

Authors

61

Topics & keywords

Topics

Keywords

Climate change
Environmental science
Climate system
Climatology
Key (lock)
Geology
Ecology
Oceanography

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