Artificial Intelligence in Orthopedic Surgery: Current Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions

Artificial intelligence (AI) drives transformative changes in orthopedic surgery, steering it toward precision and personalization through intelligent applications in preoperative planning, intraoperative assistance, and postoperative rehabilitation/monitoring. Breakthroughs in deep learning, robotics, and multimodal data fusion have enabled AI to demonstrate significant advantages. Nonetheless, current applications face challenges such as limited real-time decision autonomy, fragmented medical data silos, standardization gaps restricting model generalization, and ethical/regulatory frameworks lagging behind technological advancements. Therefore, a critical analysis of the current status of AI and the…