reviewACS NanoJun 27, 2025HYBRID OA

Technology Roadmap of Micro/Nanorobots

XJXiaohui JuCCChuanrui ChenÇMÇağatay M. OralSSSemih SevimRGRamin Golestanian

Central European Institute of Technology · Brno University of Technology · +95 more institutions

PubMed
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Abstract

, the field of micro/nanorobots has evolved from science fiction to reality, with significant advancements in biomedical and environmental applications. Despite the rapid progress, the deployment of functional micro/nanorobots remains limited. This review of the technology roadmap identifies key challenges hindering their widespread use, focusing on propulsion mechanisms, fundamental theoretical aspects, collective behavior, material design, and embodied intelligence. We explore the current state of micro/nanorobot technology, with an emphasis on applications in biomedicine, environmental remediation, analytical sensing, and other industrial technological aspects. Additionally, we analyze issues related to…

Citation impact

68
total citations
FWCI
66.48
Percentile
100%
References
1,793
Citations per year

Authors

103

Topics & keywords

Topics
Keywords
  • Nanorobotics
  • Commercialization
  • Nanotechnology
  • Computer science
  • Sustainability
  • Systems engineering
  • Biomedicine
  • Engineering ethics
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