Lithium-ion batteries and the future of sustainable energy: A comprehensive review

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become a cornerstone technology in the transition towards a sustainable energy future, driven by their critical roles in electric vehicles, portable electronics, renewable energy integration, and grid-scale storage. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the current state of LIB technology, focusing on recent advancements in electrode materials, electrolytes—including solid-state variants, and separator design. The fundamental electrochemical principles underlying LIBs are discussed alongside engineering innovations that enhance performance, safety, and energy efficiency. In spite of their widespread adoption, LIBs face several pressing challenges, such as safety…

• NR
  National Research Foundation
• UO
  University of Johannesburg