Biomass valorization with metal-free catalysts: innovations in thermocatalytic, photocatalytic, and electrocatalytic approaches

The catalytic valorization of biomass into high-value chemicals and sustainable fuels is critical for addressing global environmental challenges and advancing a bio-based circular economy. Traditional metal-based catalysts, though effective, face major limitations, including resource scarcity, toxicity, leaching, and cost, underscoring the need for alternative catalytic paradigms. Metal-free catalytic systems have emerged as promising sustainable solutions due to their environmental compatibility, cost-effectiveness, and material abundance. This review comprehensively evaluates recent progress in metal-free catalysis for biomass valorization, uniquely integrating and comparing thermal, photocatalytic, and…

• AO
  Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research

  Award: 09/1005(0033)/2020-EMR-I